Analysis: 100 Percent Renewable Energy Systems

Based on case studies from the United States, Denmark, and China, this chapter analyzes the problems and perspectives of converting the present energy system into a 100 percent renewable energy system using a smart energy systems approach. The design of 100 percent renewable energy systems involves three major technological changes: energy savings on the demand side, efficiency improvements in energy production, and the replacement of fossil fuels by various sources of renewable energy. Consequently, the analysis of these systems must include strategies for integrating renewable sources into complex energy systems influenced by energy savings and efficiency measures. The cases involve detailed hourly analyses and quantify resources and balancing problems within the electricity as well as the heating, transportation, and gas sectors. This chapter makes conclusions regarding the principles and methodologies, as well as the design and implementation, of 100 percent renewable energy systems.