Adaptor-mediated recruitment of three dyneins to dynactin enhances force generation

Cytoplasmic dynein is an essential microtubule motor protein that powers organelle transport and mitotic spindle assembly. Its activity depends on dynein–dynactin–cargo adaptor complexes, such as dynein–dynactin–BicD2, which typically function with two dynein motors. We show that mechanical tension recruits a third dynein motor via an auxiliary BicD2 adaptor binding the light intermediate chain of the third dynein, stabilizing multidynein assemblies and enhancing force generation. Lis1 prevents dynein from transitioning into a force-limiting phi-like conformation, allowing single-dynein dynein–dynactin–BicD2 to sustain forces up to approximately 4.5 pN, whereas force generation often ends at about 2.5 pN without Lis1. Complexes with two or three dyneins generate 7 pN and 9 pN, respectively, consistent with a staggered motor arrangement that enhances collective output. Under load, dynein–dynactin–BicD2 primarily takes 8-nm steps, challenging existing dynein coordination models. These findings reveal adaptive mechanisms that enable robust intracellular transport under varying mechanical demands.