A tale of two systems: The EU’s approach to aviation emissions in the Fit for 55 Package

In July 2021, the European Commission released a pro-
posed amendment to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme
(ETS) for aviation, as part of its extensive ‘Fit for 55’
Package. At a multilateral level, international aviation
emissions are regulated through the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) under the Carbon Offset-
ting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
(CORSIA). Controversially however, the Commission’s
proposed amendment rejects full alignment with the
CORSIA. Instead it envisages that the Union continue to
apply its own ETS for intra-European aviation, and only
implement the CORSIA for other international flights.
This goes head-on against a 2019 ICAO Resolution,
determining through a so-called ‘exclusivity clause’, that
the CORSIA be the ‘only’ global market-based measure
for international civil aviation emissions. This article ex-
amines the state of play between these two parallel systems,
highlighting divergences in compliance requirements for
operators and states. It then analyses and evaluates the
regulatory mandate of the ICAO and the EU under public
international law, focusing on the UN climate change
agreements and the Chicago Convention on International
Civil Aviation.