A lower mantle source for central European volcanism

Cenozoic rifting and volcanism in Europe have been associated with either passive or active mantle upwellings. Tomographic images show a tow velocity structure between 660- and 2000-kilometer depth, which we propose to represent a lower mantle upwelling under central Europe that may feed smaller upper-mantle plumes. The position of the rift zones in the foreland of the Alpine belts and the relatively weak volcanism compared to other regions with plume-associated volcanism are probably the result of the past and present subduction under southern Europe.