A Joint Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT Analysis of Gravitational-wave Candidates from the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration and KAGRA Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad1eed

A Joint Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT Analysis of Gravitational-wave Candidates from the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration and KAGRA Collaboration

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM onboard triggers and subthreshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses, the Targeted Search and the Untargeted Search, we investigate whether there are any coincident GRBs associated with the GWs. We also search the Swift-BAT rate data around the GW times to determine whether a GRB counterpart is present. No counterparts are found. Using both the Fermi-GBM Targeted Search and the Swift- BAT search, we calculate flux upper limits and present joint upper limits on the gamma-ray luminosity of each GW. Given these limits, we constrain theoretical models for the emission of gamma rays from binary black hole mergers.

Original language	English
Article number	149
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	964
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad1eed
Publication status	Published - 1 Apr 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Institute of Physics. All rights reserved.

Funding

The USRA coauthors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through contract 80MSFC17M0022. R.H. acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 945298-ParisRegionFP. The UAH coauthors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding from co-operative agreement 80MSFC22M0004. The NASA authors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through the Fermi-GBM project. This research also made use of Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018, 2022); NumPy (Harris et al. 2020); SciPy (Virtanen et al. 2020), and matplotlib, a Python library for publication-quality graphics (Hunter 2007). The Swift authors acknowledge the use of public data from the Swift data archive. M.C. acknowledges support from NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002 and from Vetenskapsradet through project number 31004019. J.D. acknowledges support by the NSF under award numbers PHY-1913607 and PHY-2209445. This material is based upon work supported by NSF's LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for supporting the construction of Advanced LIGO and the construction and operation of the GEO 600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and Ministerio de Universidades, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Direccio General de Politica Universitaria i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Innovacio Universitats, Ciencia i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union-European Regional Development Fund; the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concertees (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris I<^>le-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for the provision of computational resources. This work was supported by MEXT, the JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361, and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Computing Infrastructure Project of the Global Science experimental Data hub Center (GSDC) at KISTI, the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), the AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan under grants including the Rising Star Program and Science Vanguard Research Program, the Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, and the Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK.

Funders	Funder number
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
Ministry of Education, India
Australian Research Council
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
National Research Foundation of Korea
State of Niedersachsen/Germany
Narodowe Centrum Nauki
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
Scottish Funding Council
Actions de Recherche Concertées
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
French Lyon Institute of Origins
Leverhulme Trust
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
Science and Engineering Research Board
Generalitat de Catalunya
Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Kavli Foundation
Ministerio de Universidades
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
European Commission
European Social Fund Plus
Russian Foundation for Basic Research
U.S. Department of Energy
Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee
Academia Sinica
AS Grid Center
Direcció General de Política Universitària i Recerca, Govern Illes Balears
Russian Science Foundation
National Science and Technology Council
College of Natural Resources and Sciences, Humboldt State University
Advanced Technology Center
Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana
Royal Society
National Research Foundation
European Regional Development Fund
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek—Vlaanderen
University of Tokyo
Horizon 2020
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Vetenskapsrådet	31004019
H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions	80MSFC22M0004, 945298-ParisRegionFP
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	80MSFC17M0022, 80GSFC21M0002
National Science Foundation	PHY-1913607, PHY-2209445
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science	17H06133, JP20H05854, JP17H06361, JP17H06364, 20A203, JP17H06358, 20H05639

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Fletcher_2024_ApJ_964_149Final published version, 3.87 MBLicence: CC BY

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@article{1aaaf155c842453fbaab758812fa21ee,

title = "A Joint Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT Analysis of Gravitational-wave Candidates from the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run",

abstract = "We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM onboard triggers and subthreshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses, the Targeted Search and the Untargeted Search, we investigate whether there are any coincident GRBs associated with the GWs. We also search the Swift-BAT rate data around the GW times to determine whether a GRB counterpart is present. No counterparts are found. Using both the Fermi-GBM Targeted Search and the Swift- BAT search, we calculate flux upper limits and present joint upper limits on the gamma-ray luminosity of each GW. Given these limits, we constrain theoretical models for the emission of gamma rays from binary black hole mergers.",

author = "{LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration and KAGRA Collaboration} and Y. Bae and Y. Bai and T. Baka and Bennett, {T. F.} and D. Bhattacharjee and M. Boer and S. Canevarolo and S. Caudill and M. Chan and C. Chen and D. Chen and Chen, {H. Y.} and J. Chen and X. Chen and Chen, {Y. R.} and Chen, {Y. R.} and Z. Chen and H. Cheng and Costa, {C. A.} and S. D'Antonio and A. Dasgupta and D. Davis and T. Dietrich and Gadre, {B. U.} and G. Greco and R. Green and Guo, {H. K.} and Y. Guo and P. Gupta and Gupta, {S. K.} and O. Hannuksela and J. Hanson and J. Harms and D. Hofman and Huang, {H. Y.} and P. Huang and J. Janquart and Kalaghatgi, {C. V.} and Q. Meijer and H. Narola and Pang, {P. T.H.} and A. Puecher and S. Roy and S. Schmidt and Y. Setyawati and Tsang, {K. W.} and {Van Den Broeck}, C. and Melissa Lopez and {Maliyamveettil Kunjumuhammed}, Haris and P Kuijer",

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doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad1eed",

language = "English",

volume = "964",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

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AU - LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration and KAGRA Collaboration

AU - Bae, Y.

AU - Bai, Y.

AU - Baka, T.

AU - Bennett, T. F.

AU - Bhattacharjee, D.

AU - Boer, M.

AU - Canevarolo, S.

AU - Caudill, S.

AU - Chan, M.

AU - Chen, C.

AU - Chen, D.

AU - Chen, H. Y.

AU - Chen, J.

AU - Chen, X.

AU - Chen, Y. R.

AU - Chen, Z.

AU - Cheng, H.

AU - Costa, C. A.

AU - D'Antonio, S.

AU - Dasgupta, A.

AU - Davis, D.

AU - Dietrich, T.

AU - Gadre, B. U.

AU - Greco, G.

AU - Green, R.

AU - Guo, H. K.

AU - Guo, Y.

AU - Gupta, P.

AU - Gupta, S. K.

AU - Hannuksela, O.

AU - Hanson, J.

AU - Harms, J.

AU - Hofman, D.

AU - Huang, H. Y.

AU - Huang, P.

AU - Janquart, J.

AU - Kalaghatgi, C. V.

AU - Meijer, Q.

AU - Narola, H.

AU - Pang, P. T.H.

AU - Puecher, A.

AU - Roy, S.

AU - Schmidt, S.

AU - Setyawati, Y.

AU - Tsang, K. W.

AU - Van Den Broeck, C.

AU - Lopez, Melissa

AU - Maliyamveettil Kunjumuhammed, Haris

AU - Kuijer, P

PY - 2024/4/1

Y1 - 2024/4/1

N2 - We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM onboard triggers and subthreshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses, the Targeted Search and the Untargeted Search, we investigate whether there are any coincident GRBs associated with the GWs. We also search the Swift-BAT rate data around the GW times to determine whether a GRB counterpart is present. No counterparts are found. Using both the Fermi-GBM Targeted Search and the Swift- BAT search, we calculate flux upper limits and present joint upper limits on the gamma-ray luminosity of each GW. Given these limits, we constrain theoretical models for the emission of gamma rays from binary black hole mergers.

AB - We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM onboard triggers and subthreshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses, the Targeted Search and the Untargeted Search, we investigate whether there are any coincident GRBs associated with the GWs. We also search the Swift-BAT rate data around the GW times to determine whether a GRB counterpart is present. No counterparts are found. Using both the Fermi-GBM Targeted Search and the Swift- BAT search, we calculate flux upper limits and present joint upper limits on the gamma-ray luminosity of each GW. Given these limits, we constrain theoretical models for the emission of gamma rays from binary black hole mergers.

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DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad1eed

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85189472922

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 964

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 149

ER -

A Joint Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT Analysis of Gravitational-wave Candidates from the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

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